Features | Patient-derived tumor cell culture | Patient-derived xenograph (PDX) | Patient-derived spheroids | Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time to model establishment | 24–48 h | Variable, 2–6 week [108] | 1 day [25] | 2–3 week [47] |
Diameter | 10–30 µum [12] | Until 1–2 mm3 (then passages) | 200–500 µm | |
Establishment efficiencya | 19% GIST [112]; 54.8% GIs [112, 113]; 15.1 – 34.1% GC [111, 114]; 59% PDAC; 86% and 35% GBC [115] |  > 50% GIs cancers | ||
Cost | Cheap (culture medium, 1 × penicillin/streptomycin and 5–10% fetal bovine serum) | Expensive (Mouse Facility, ECM, fresh tissue from GIs patients) | Moderate (DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with B27, bFGF, EGF and Insulin in ultralow attachment plates) [109] | Expensive, Commercial mediums or WNR-conditioned medium; 50% ECM; antibacterial and antifungal compound, B27 and N2 Supplements; specific recombinants growth factors and inhibitors; fresh tissue from GIs patients |
Representativeness from parental tumor | Variable, more in low-passages (1–4) [12] | Very good, also recapitulated the TME interaction and metastasis process | Variable, retain phenotype and genetic from parent tissues. Promote expansion CSC [25, 28] | Good, retain genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity |
Growth viability | Long-term expansion (> 90 passages, 1 year) [114] | Long-term expansion (~160 days) [114] | Short-term (~10 days)[30] | Long-term expansion (~100 passages, 1 year)[41] |